Uttaranchal Journal of Applied and Life Sciences
ISSN: 2583-1461

The global ramifications of the COVID-19 pandemic, originating in a Chinese city in December 2019, have profoundly impacted countries within the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and beyond. This research delves into the multifaceted repercussions of the virus, spanning areas such as mortality rates, economic upheavals, educational disruptions, and various other facets of societal well-being. The central aim of this study is to conduct a comprehensive examination of COVID-19 transmission dynamics in SAARC countries. Data from COVID-19 Worldometer (WHO) serves as the foundation for collecting pertinent information related to SAARC nations. Utilizing statistical methodologies, our analysis is focused on daily new cases, active cases, and daily death cases. The findings reveal an alarming exponential surge in COVID-19 cases since the inception of 2020. With a dedicated focus on aiding pharmacists and healthcare providers, this paper is committed to furnishing reliable information and empirical evidence. The intent is to fortify primary care and pharmacist practices, aligning them with effective regulatory frameworks during the challenging times imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Solanum nigrum is a plant that belongs to the Solanaceae family. It is also known by the popular names Makoi and Black nightshade. Solanum nigrum contain different chemical components like, glycoproteins, Glycoalkaloids, polysaccharides, and polyphenolic chemicals like caffeic acid, epicatechin, rutin, gallic acid, catechin and protocatechuic acid. Solanum nigrum is well recognised to have a variety of therapeutic properties, like antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and anti-oxidant activity. However, black-colored fruits are not used since they are harmful and not used for medical purposes. The root, complete plant, and leaves of this plant all have diverse characteristics. Food is made from fruits that have a reddish brown appearance. The study might come to the conclusion that Solanum nigrum berries and leaves both contain a sizable amount of nutrients and could be used as ingredients in different food preparation.

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Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don) Soó (Syn. Orchis hatagirea D.Don) is a famous and endangered remedial plant, found in high altitude Zones (at 2800-4440 m a.s.l.) of the higher Himalayas. The common names for D. hatagirea are Hatpanja or Hatajari  in Uttarakhand, in Kashmir Salam panja, Panchaunle in Nepal and in Ladakh Wanglak or Angulagpa. Due to its extreme therapeutic properties and excess utilization in environment, the species leads to vulnerable with loss. In the present study,pharmacological properties and traditional uses of D. hatagirea was discussed. For the conservation of D. hatagirea from destruction, it is categoeized as ‘Critically Endangered’ in the KWLS. Because of high therapeutic value of this plant, its valuable protection becomes much important. Thus, an incorporated conservation accesssion is desired to protect this Himalayan orchid (D. hatagirea ). Dactylorhiza hatagirea is a therapeutic plant species of orchid, also known as marsh orchid restricted to North-Western Himalayan range distributes across India, Pakistan, China, Bhutan, and Afghanistan. Dactylorhin, a bioactive component found in the tuber of D. hatagirea, contributes for immense medicinal importance to cure numerous ailments. Generally dactylorhin possess neurostimulant, antibacterial, immunomodulator activity along with diverse nutritional properties. Due to much medicinal importance, overexploitation of D. hatagirea take place and it becomes a threatened plant species. So there is essential need to conserve this plant species, for this various conservation approaches such asmajor biotechnological involvements such as plant tissue culture, advancement of molecular markers, next-generation sequencing have been followed. As these are the few significant approaches for the conservation of extraordinary Himalayan orchid. It is expected that in future, medicinal plants like D. hatagirea will be used to develop potent therapeutics.

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Binary Mixtures (Binary Alloys or Binary Fluids) exhibit phase separation after a sudden quench below the critical temperature. Domain growth occurs due to the motion of interfaces between deferent phases. The dynamical aspects of phase separation and the domain growth laws have been studied and explored by the physicists in great deal from several decades. There exist various theoretical, experimental or computational methods to dig into the underlying physics. We focus to shed light on this phenomenon and review the framework of mean field theoretical study, phase-field modelling and simulation techniques. We further discuss about the recent advancements in this field particularly on the use of Cahn-Hilliard equation with activity parameter to describe the active phase separation dynamics.

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Green method of synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) is growing field of science & technology. During the last few decades the use of these nanoparticles in various fields have been increased tremendously. Due to very wide range of application of metal oxide nanoparticles the interest of researcher in this field is growing rapidly. Various Research work in this aspect has shown how one can utilize this technology to its full capabilities. So, a variety of methods including biological, chemical and physical were applied for advancement of metal nanoparticals. In this proposed research work we are trying to provide a clean eco-friendly approach of the synthesis of very popular and one the most useful silver nanoparticles. We have characterized the green synthesized nanoparticles by using various standard analytical tools like UV visible spectroscopy, FTIR and SEM analysis. We also evaluated the antioxidant property of the synthesized nanoparticles by using the available standard procedure.

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Similar to other nations, India has grappled with the repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic, which originated in a Chinese city in December 2019. The impact of this contagion extends across diverse domains, encompassing the profound loss of human lives-India has already recorded over 4 lakh deaths—economic ramifications, disruptions in academic institutions, and various other sectors. This research is designed to scrutinize the influence of lockdown measures on the spread of the coronavirus, both in India and other countries. Data pertaining to COVID-19 cases and the duration of lockdowns has been compiled for India and other nations that implemented such measures before, during, and after specified dates. Employing statistical methodologies, the study draws inferences from the COVID data encompassing daily new cases, active cases, and daily death occurrences. The objective is to unravel the nuanced relationship between lockdown strategies and the trajectory of COVID-19 transmission in different countries, with a specific focus on the Indian context.

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This study presents a collocation scheme using modified Lucas wavelets to approximate solutions for important Benjamina Bona Mohany equations applied in diverse physical applications. The proposed scheme transforms the problem into an algebraic system, and comparative analysis with existing methods demonstrates its effectiveness in providing accurate solutions for Benjamina Bona Mohany partial differential equations.

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Moringa oleifera is one of the beneficial trees found in the genus (moringa). It comes under the category of non-succulent perennials as they avert themselves from drought and are also easily grown plants. There are thirteen species of the genus Moringa which is mostly found and used for many purposes. This review’s objective is to provide the classified and recent data about their edible parts, nutrient composition, nutraceutical properties and their uses in bakery products. Moringa oleifera are rich in many nutrients due to which they prohibited malnutrition and research studies showed that they have many bioactive compounds like glucosinolates, tannins, flavonoids etc. which helps in the prevention and cure of various diseases like cancer, obesity, diabetes mellitus, inflammation and nephropathy. It also provides a barrier against microorganisms like bacteria, and virus, so, acts as an antimicrobial agent and also prevent from malnourishment. Nowadays, bakery products are also seen as a staple food and are consumed by all categories of people. But generally, many bakery products like bread and cake are not rich in other nutrients except carbohydrates and fats. So, bakery products can be fortified or enriched by plant sources like Moringa oleifera edible parts as they are rich in many nutrients and also rich in bioactive compounds. We can use other plant sources according to their ease of availability. Data for this review paper is collect from google scholar and research gate journal papers (2009-2022).

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The bakery industry is a traditional and growing food industry that is providing huge demand for convenient foods like biscuits, cookies, cakes, etc. Cookies are flat and crispy bread with meager moisture and are made of generally wheat or refined wheat flour along with various other ingredients. The demand for fibre and minerals-rich multigrain cookies is high and this demand inspired the preparation of Multigrain Cookies. The present investigation attempts to formulate higher nutritional value cookies with added health benefits by adding Ragi flour, brown rice flour and oats flour with whole wheat flour. In the present study samples, A, B, C and D were formulated in which multigrain cookies were prepared by using Whole Wheat Flour: Ragi flour: Oats Flour: Brown rice Flour (WF: RF: OF: BF) in the ratio of (75:50:25:10, 50:25:75:10, 25:75:50:10, 50:50:50:10) respectively. It was found that among all Samples sample B scored higher in flavor (6.8), color (7.45), appearance (7.6), and overall acceptability (7.6) and was considered the optimized product. The ash, titrable acidity, pH and moisture percent of Sample B were found to be 0.78%, 0.13%, 7.4, and 3.07% respectively. Later sample B is get treated with FTRI, SEM tests.

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The primary purpose of this article is to introduce the Mamadu-Njoseh wavelets which make a series of orthogonal wavelets. The orthogonal wavelets have a huge contribution in numerical analysis as well as in approximation theory. We review and discuss several essential aspects of Mamadu-Njoseh wavelets such as the orthogonality, admissibility, and regularity condition with function approximation. Also, the operational matrix of integral and derivative for Mamadu-Njoseh wavelets is constructed which are very useful for the simulation of several models.

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Lyophilization is the process where moisture is removed from the perishable material and helps in extending their shed life and making the substance more portable. Lyophilization is otherwise called Crystallisation, used in the pharmaceutical industry to increase the stability and shelf life of the pharmaceutical industry. The Lyophilization of protein is removing the moisture from it, so that it could be stored for a longer period of time. The potency of frozen protein products is far greater than that of liquid formulations. The primary consideration during lyophilization is the long durability of protein compositions, which is correlated with water content. Small-molecule pharmaceuticals can typically be formulated without the addition of additives, or simply by adding a bulking agent or pH modifier to produce a liquid formulation that is rigid enough to withstand the time required before it can be freeze-dried. The primary consideration during lyophilization is the long durability of protein compositions, which is correlated with water content. Small-molecule pharmaceuticals can typically be formulated without the addition of additives, or simply by adding a bulking agent or pH modifier to produce a liquid formulation that is rigid enough to withstand the time required before it can be freeze-dried. The paper reviews different articles and journals to provide a critical analysis of the process of Lyophilization of protein and discuss its detailed process. The paper would review the strength and limitations of the Lyophilization process.

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Among the renewable energy generation methods, the most interesting one is the photovoltaic energy technology, which has unlimited usage potential and generates electricity by using renewable sunlight. Solar cells are a secure and viable photoelectric technology that could substitute existing fossil fuel systems. Graphene, with its outstanding electrical and optical properties, mechanical flexibility, adjustable working function, attracts great interest among scientific research groups in many fields. It has been identified as an exceptional material for upcoming energy storage devices. This review examines a few features of graphenes and evaluates whether it is a feasible alternative to the traditional materials used in photovoltaic cells.

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Due to the significance of “water clusters,” groups of water molecules locked together by hydrogen bonds, in understanding cloud and ice formation, solution chemistry, and a wide range of biological activities, they have been the focus of several intensive experimental and theoretical research. There is an obvious need for chemists to have a better knowledge of how such aggregates affect the general structure of their surrounds. “Water clusters” can play a significant role in the stability of supramolecular systems both in solution and in the solid state.

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Superatoms have being researched because they could replace other elements. Superatom availability has drawn attention to the solution-phase synthesis of superatoms. The preceding method, however, is essentially restricted to the development of a single cluster. Here, superatoms are studied, and the presence of different numbers of gallium atoms is designed to alter the amount of valence electrons in these superatoms. Clusters of 3, 12, 13, and various numbers of atoms have been manufactured using the dendrimer template approach. Ga13 is structurally and electrochemically observed to be entirely distinct from the other clusters due to its halogen-like superatomic composition. The reactivities of the 13 and 3 atom gallium clusters, which may fill the 2P and 1P superatomic orbitals, respectively, vary. 

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Macrotyloma uniflorum Lam. (kulthi) highly widespread form of legume crop that is frequently seen in southern India is a member of the Fabaceae family. Carotene, Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin C, and minerals are abundantly found in Macrotyloma uniflorum. Antibacterial, antimicrobial, and antioxidant capabilities of Macrotyloma uniflorum nourish the skin and lessen recurrent skin infections. The current study intends to demonstrate the major impact of ZnCl2 on seed germination of M. uniflorum. Morphological parameters, including as shoot length, root length, and fresh weight, were also examined after germination. Different concentrations of ZnCl2 (2%–10%) were applied to healthy, young seeds. The impact of metal stress (ZnCl2) on the germination of Macrotyloma uniflorum seeds, outcomes of seeds treated with ZnCl2 and untreated seeds were contrasted. The largest percentage of seed germination 80% is seen at 4% zinc chloride concentration, while the lowest 30% is seen at 10% zinc chloride concentration. While the highest shoot length and root length, respectively, are found at 4% concentration of ZnCl2.

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This Review discusses current advancements in thermotropic ionic liquid crystal design, synthesis, characterization, and application from 2005 to 2015. It was created to provide a thorough review of the “state-of-the-art” in the industry. Low molar mass and dendrimeric thermotropic ionic mesogens, as well as a few metal-containing compounds are the main topics of study. However, there will also be some references to lyotropic or polymeric ionic liquid crystals, and more specifically, to ionic liquids. The focus will be on liquid-crystalline materials made up of organic cations and inorganic/organic anions that are not covalently bonded but interact via electrostatic and other noncovalent interactions, but mesoionic and zwitterionic mesogens are also discussed to some extent.

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This chapter presents Lucas-Lehmer polynomials and its shifted form which make a series of orthogonal polynomials. The orthogonal polynomials have a big contribution in the approximation theory. We discuss and prove various essential aspects of Lucas-Lehmer polynomials such as the orthogonality, recursive relation and Parseval’s identity. The operational matrix of derivative and integral for LLP is also constructed.

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Ageratum spp. are medicinal weed plant. Two varieties Ageratum houstonianum Mill and Ageratum   conyzoides   are   very common   and   using   in   the   medicinal   field. Ageratum houstonianum Mill plant is ubiquitously found in every continent of the world. It is commonly known as Blue mink. Whereas Ageratum conyzoides Mill. is commonly known as blue billygoatweed and jungali pudina or appa grash in hindi. In India these are found everywhere in the tropical region. This weed plant have several medicinal properties such as antioxidant, phenolics, flavonoids, anti-diabetic, antimicrobial etc. The bioactive compounds of Ageratum Mill plants commercially used to treat several health problems such as wound healing. Recently blue mink has been screened for its antimicrobial and mosquitocidal activities. In this review authors have tried to summarize the bioactive compounds of medicinal values from the Ageratum spp. and their medicinal uses for human welfare.

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In the last few years, mathematician & Scientist used numerous scientific studies to model the real-world problems related in the field of pharmacology or pharmaceutical sciences. In this paper we emphasis on the mathematical modeling of drug concentration in human blood stream. For this we formulate ordinary differential equation (ODE) based two models, in which first model is compartment model and second is the modified model when multiple drug doses are given to a patient at a regular time interval gap. For the solution of models we use some mathematical techniques like, Laplace transformation, delta function, Step function and interpreted the resultant equation of model from which we can evaluate the drug amount in human blood stream at any time t.

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The study of nanotechnology has the potential to fundamentally alter how humans perceive and influence change in a variety of fields, including mass transfer, biomedicine, agriculture, and water management, among others. The word “Nano” refers to a type of technology that uses tiny particles that can be seen with the naked eye. Working at this size enables more successful creative solutions to special situations. For instance, employing zeolites and nanoclays to improve soil fertility and quality can increase fertiliser effectiveness. The development of intelligent seeds coated with nano-polymers and timed for germination under favourable conditions seems promising. Crops are often categorised according to their nutrient needs when precision farming inputs are used, and with the help of a Nano-biosensor and a satellite system, the distribution of nutrients may be tracked more precisely than with current techniques. This also highlights the creation of nano-herbicides to deal with weed control. Studies exist that show how efficient nano-fertilizers are in increasing the productivity and efficiency of the nutrients, lowering soli toxicity, and reducing potential contamination-related problems. Therefore, nanotechnology has great promise for sustainable agriculture, particularly in underdeveloped nations.

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Metal oxide based nanocomposite gas sensor is a device that converts the information of a gas or vapor analyte species into electrical signals using various detection principles. Change in electrical resistance/absorbance occurs when sensing material is exposed to the particular gas which is to be exposed. In order to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of sensing material various metal dopants and different types of heterojunction can be formed with the combination of organic and inorganic materials. Due to the modification with the formation of p-n and n-n heterostructures by the inclusion of dopants and different types of nanomaterials, stability and reversibility of sensing material can be enhanced and also the response and recovery time of the material can be reduced. Surface morphology of different dimentional materials (0D, 1D, 2D, 3D etc) plays a vital role for the absorption and desorption of gas analyte. Sensing material should have large number of active sites for interaction of large analyte molecules.

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Considering numerous applications in biomedical, electronic devices, wastewater treatment, industries etc. spinel ferrite nanoparticles have becomematerials great interest. Because of its many advantages over conventional synthesis techniques, the green or bio production of ferrite nanoparticles has attracted enough attention recently. The green production of spinel ferrite nanoparticles, their characterisation, and their utilisation in many fields are the main topics of this review article. The use of plant extracts or plant-based synthesis techniques of spinel ferrites is discussed.

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In Asian ethnomedical system, Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz have been used to treat various diseases such as hepatic troubles like jaundice, cardiac diseases, rheumatic and arthritic troubles, ulcers, respiratory problems, gastro-intestinal ailments, headaches, wounds, burns, snake bite and scorpion stings. The present work summarizes the scientific evidences that support therapeutic potential of O. indicum. The mini-review is based on the information available on pharmacological and ethnobotanical data of O. indicum from various research articles, review papers and book chapters. Various experimental studies have verified the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, cardio glycosides, phenols,saponins, sterols and other phytochemicals in O. indicum. Numerous active principles have been isolated from different parts of this plant of which most abundant and promising are oroxylin A, Baicalein, Chrysin and Scutellarin. In in vivo and in vitro preclinical models, the plant is found to act against varied microbial infections, gastrointestinal, respiratory, hepatic and cardiac disorders. It is also found to have anti-cancer properties and is also competent in the treatment of diabetes, obesity, wound healing etc.

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Catharanthus roseus commonly known as sadabahar is a well known plant for its abundant growth and flowers in many parts of world. However the plant also possesses several medicinal properties such as anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, antifungal activity, antibacterial activity, etc. This medicinal potential of the plant can be attributed to presence of several bioactive phytochemical compounds synthesized in the plant. Among different metabolites alkaloids are the most important class of compounds synthesized in almost all parts of the plant including root, stem, leaves and flowers.  Besides having medicinal potential plant has also been characterized to be toxic.

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Mayonnaise is one of emulsion food are popular and are consumed all over the world because of the special texture and taste. Mayonnaise commonly used for dressings of salad and spreading in bread and buns. It is a typical oil-in-water (O/W) type emulsion in which lipid is dispersed in water. The aim of present study is to formulate low fat high protein mayonnaise. Reduced fat (RF) mayonnaise was formulated by replacing part of the oil with refined wheat flour gelatinized rice starch and the effect of their inclusion on the sensory properties was investigated. the overall samples of mayonnaise in different ration of soya flour, rice flour and refined wheat flour were prepared. The results were shows that Reduced fat mayonnaise has good taste and appearance. With sensory score of taste were 9.6± .137 and control sample was 7.8± .233. the sample L.F.M. and M.F.M. has good amount of protein 10.6±.152 and 11.5±.153 respectively. the overall acceptability of sample R.F.M was 9.3± .128 which was good in taste and aroma.

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Ciprofloxacin HCI, is a highly popular antibacterial agent in the third world countries including India. Many companies are engaged in manufacturing and marketing the brands, purchasing the basic drug from the core suppliers. Often these brands vary in cost and companies usually claim superiority of their product to justify the higher price. There is a possibility that products containing same amount of basic drug are therapeutically equivalent. So, if it can be proved that the different brands are therapeutically equivalent, they can be substituted for each in prescription and patient can be take advantage of an economic dosage regimen. This could be achieved by assessing physicochemical equivalence of different brands of the drug. Assessment may include the evaluation of uniformity of weight, friability, hardness, disintegration and dissolution tests as well as chemical assay of tablets.

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Multilayer graphene like (MLG) film were grown on copper substrates by the microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MW PECVD) technique at low pressure of ~ 5.5 x 10^-2 Torr. Copper has been used as catalyst substrate for deposition. The growth temperature was found to be 750 ºC. The precursor gas methane was found to dissociate at low temperature with assist of plasma. The MLG films were removed from copper with the help of ferric chloride solution and were transferred to glass substrate. The appearance of 2D band in Raman spectra confirms the growth of graphene film. The highest I_2D/I_G ratio was found to be 0.70, which confirms few layer graphene.

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Due to widespread medicinal importance and wide region of Morus alba and Andrographis paniculata, the present work has been undertaken to study the phytochemicals and their antimicrobial efficacy in their leaf extracts. The leaves samples of both the selected plant were subjected to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis for the presence of various secondary metabolites by various spectrophotometric techniques. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, phlobatannins in Andrographis paniculata and tannins, reducing sugars, alkaloids, phlobatannins and saponins in Morus alba. The present investigation is also reveals that both the selected samples exhibit potent antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli. So it is also proved as a source of certain antimicrobial molecules.

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Coconut husk or coir is mesocarp part of the coconut fruit which is considered as agriculture waste. This fibre is dumped but rich in nutrients like cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. So, this study represents a effective utilization of coconut husk fibre for sorption of Cu(II) metal ions. In this study nanoparticles of coconut husk-SnO₂ was prepared by functionalization of coconut husk with oxidising agents and then nanoparticles were prepared by redox initiation system, which was characterized by FTIR, FESEM, TEM. The sorption capacitywere evaluated by AAS and parameters such as the effect of pHwere optimized. The maximum percent removal obtained is 85.81% for Cu(II) at pH 7.2. In the endCH-SnO₂is found to be an effective adsorbent for the sorption of Cu(II) metal ions.

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Drying is required for the food preservation and is widely used worldwide. Numerous drying techniques and methods are used in drying of different agricultural products. Each technique has its own advantage and limitation. Drying process makes the food lighter in weight which is easy to transport, requires smaller space for storage and gives it the longer life. Present study involves the evaluation of the drying characteristics and mathematical modelling of Camellia sinensis, under different drying temperatures. The performance of the best model does depends on the determination and comparison of the correlation coefficient (R), mean bias error (MBE), root mean square error (RMSE), and reduced chi-square ().

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In the present paper we have to study future population forecasting in India by the geometrical model used to census population data. Design is based on the projected population of India, estimated for the design period. Changes in population over the years occur, and the system should be designed into account of the population at the end of the design period. Factors affecting changes in population are increase due to births, decrease due to deaths, increase and decrease due to the migration and increase due to the annexation. The present and past population record in India can be obtained from the census population records. After collecting these population records, the population at the end of design period is predicted using various geometrical methods as suitable for the growth pattern.

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It wasDecember 31, 2019, when a cluster of patients was observed having pneumonia like symptoms and China informed the World Health Organization of anovel viralpneumoniain sea food market of Wuhan city, in Hubei Province. This pathogenic agent exhibited its high emerging ability and blowout all over the world in a very sort span of time.  This newly emerging virus displayed influenza like symptoms along with severe chest pain and sore throat etc. The etiology of these infectionswas a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), possibly connectedto zoonotic or environmental exposure from the seafood market in Wuhan. Humantohuman transmission has accounted for most of the infections, including among health care workers.In this review we compared the clinical charac­teristic, management, outcomes, and infection control practices for patients infected with novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2).

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Consumption of F & V has been associated with diverse health interest. Fruits and vegetables can be consumed in both forms   either processed or fresh.   Consumption & production of minimal processed foods has acquired increasing demand in the market. Due to changes in life -style of consumers fresh-cut F &V are gaining popularity. However, it summons for fresh or minimal processed F & V   by maintaining the properties of fresh-cut products for a extended time period.  Fresh-cut products has a much bigger surface to cut & accordingly having less shelf-life.  Rejection of the product by consumers is due to some quality issues such as flavor, color, firmness, juiciness & loss of moisture lead to shorter shelf- life. Recent  Developments in edible coatings & packaging technology  for foods have shown encouraging  results in prolonging  the shelf-life of fresh-cut F & V . A solution for preserving the fruits & vegetable is coating with edible films. Therefore, this article reviews the scope of fresh-cut fruits & vegetables and extending its shelf-life by means of  edible coating. Edible coatings can be composed  of different substances of various types. These can be grouped together into proteins, carbs &lipids-based coatings &their characteristics.

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Biomass ash is a complex inorganic-organic mixture with polycomponent, heterogenous or byproduct from biomass feedstock shows adsorption capacity for heavy metals and could be economical and environment friendly adsorbent. Graphene oxide (GO) are efficient adsorbent for removal of dyes, metal ions and toxic compounds. When biomass ash is used as composite formation along with Graphene Oxide then its adsorption capacity is enhanced. In the present work, Biomass ash on Graphene oxide base composite adsorbent (GO-g-BA) is synthesized for the effective removal of Cu (II) ions present in industrial waste water. They were characterized by FTIR, UV, FESEM and adsorption was studied by employing AAS with variables like pH. The results showed that BA-g-GO composite is an efficient adsorbent with 55.7 % for Cu(II) at pH 4.5. GO-g-BA composite was significant adsorbent for the removal of Cu(II) ions present in wastewater.

Keywords:Biomass ash; Graphene oxide; Composite.

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Recently, the applications of green synthetic processes in field of biological, chemical and pharmacological sciences have achieved essential roles. One of the major applications of green chemistry is the synthesis of zero valent metal and metal oxide nanoparticles using natural and abundant biologicalmaterials. In the present study, we have carried out the successful synthesis of copper (II) oxide nanoparticles (CuONPS) by using the leaf extract of Urtica dioica and formation of nanoparticles confirmed by a visual color change of the solution and then UV-Visible spectroscopy. The synthetic method was found very low cost, effective, efficient and eco-friendly. The synthesised nanoparticles have been characterised by using different analytical methods such as FTIR, UV-Visible, powder XRD and FESEM. The antibacterial activity of CuONPSwas checked by well diffusion method against S. aureus, S. mutans and E. coli. The maximum zone of inhibition was found for S. mutans after incubation period and at specific dosage of copper nanoparticles.

Keywords: Green synthesis, CuONPS, Characterisation, Antibacterial activity.

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Mosquito-borne diseases caused illness in approximately 700 million people per year globally. Dengue (DENV) is a one of them mosquito-borne emerging viral disease endemic prominently in many urban areas of tropical countries. Nature has provided us with various resources to fight and recover from such infectious diseases. This review focuses on the understanding of dengue, potential anti dengue activity and insecticidal activity of various medicinal plants. Further laboratory investigations and more research are needed to establish the product which having potential to control dengue disease. Thus, the development of a traditional medicinal plant-based antiviral product assures a more possible choice in combating dengue infection which may be replacement of inadequate drug with side effective.

Keywords: Anti-dengue activity, Dengue, Insecticidal activity, Medicinal plants

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Peroxynitrite is a very good oxidizing agent which is formed by the reaction of nitric oxide with super oxide. There are so many works are reported which clearly indicate that peroxynitrite react with lipid protein and DNA. In our present work we report the oxidation of a very well known antiviral drug penciclovir by peroxynitrite. The oxidation of our selected drug was achieved by refluxing the drug with sodium nitrite, the progress of the reaction was monitored by thin layer chromatography and the product of the reaction was isolated by column chromatography. We also purposed the probable mechanism of the formation of different product.

Key words: Penciclovir, Peroxynitrite, Antiviral drug, Thin layer Chromatography.

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Environmental nanotechnology is considered to play a principal role in shaping current environmental engineering and science. Looking at the nanoscale has stimulated the development and use of novel and cost-effective technologies for catalytic degradation, adsorptive removal and detection of contaminants as well as other environmental concerns. Polymer-based nanocomposites (PNCs) which incorporate the advantages of both nanoparticles and polymers, received increasing attention in both academia and industry. This introductory review focuses on the general introduction of the nanocomposites, and the synthetic routes ofnanocomposites. It will explore the application of nanocomposites for environmental remediation as well.

Keywords: nanotechnology, PNCs, synthesis, applications

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The lipophilic food bioactive has attracted great interest by food and pharmaceutical industries due to their potential health benefits. However, the effectiveness of these components is restricted due to poor solubility, oxidation and variable bioavailability. The utilization of these compounds in form of encapsulated one can effectively alleviate these drawbacks. The technologies of encapsulation, including spray drying, coacervation, liposome entrapment, nanoencapsulation, nanogels and nanoemulsion, are discussed in this review paper.

Key words: lipophilic, nanoencapsulation, food.

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Indian Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), decided to blend at least 20% biofuels with diesel and petrol by 2017. Biodiesel has obtained from algal oils and waste cooking oil that have been considered as a promising alternate fuel.In this study, the feasibility of biodiesel production from microalgaeChlorella singularisand waste cooking oil has been investigated. The physico–chemical characteristics of the produced biodiesel were studied according to the standards methods of analysis (ASTM) and evaluated according to their fuel properties as compared to Indian petro-diesel. The obtained results showed that; C2+A2+B8+D88 blended biodiesel of algae and cooked oil showed that the high oxidation stability and higher load carrying. The observed properties of the blends were within the recommended petro-diesel standard specifications and they are in favor of better engine performance.

Key words: Microalgae;waste cooking oils; biodiesel; Butanol; Indian petro-diesel.

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Worldwide millions of people suffer from nerve tissue injury- SCI (Spinal Cord Injury) that will result paralysis and experience of life-threatening problems. Till date there are different methods have been described to be effective in the treatment of SCI but there is no remedy available for full functional recovery of SCI. Stem cells and tissue specific growth factors entrapped matrixes along with the tissue engineering principle are the used for the treatments and for repairing SCI. Although these techniques overcome the limitation of traditional clinical methods but still they cannot restore the bio-functionality of the regenerated tissue after the injury. Therefore, the major challenge that is faced by the biomedical experts is to repair and regenerated a structural bio-functional damaged nerve tissue.

Key words: soya bean , Chunks , Water absorption capacity, moisture level,  Protein test

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In order to provide speech analysis, speech production and perception can be exploited with the help of various speech processing applications. Few properties or features can be extracted from speech signal S(n) with the help of speech analysis. With the objective of simplifying the speech signal and for removing the redundancy present within the speech signal, the transformation of S(n) is done into another signal. In this research work, the novel technique is proposed to remove empty bands from the speech signal. The proposed technique is based on the threshold value for the removal of empty bands. In the proposed technique, the frequency of each band is calculated and a band which has frequency below threshold value is removed from the signal. The performance of the proposed technique is tested in MATLAB and it is analyzed that proposed technique performs well in terms speech enhancement.

 Key words: Empty bands, LDA.

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Legumes and pulses are rich sources of protein. Chunks are good source of protein for vegan diet. Chunks can prepared with soyabean , legumes and vegetables. Theobjective of present study was to prepare and analyses preserved chunks.The study established the pH7.40 this pH was maintained by proper dehydration. Moisture content of the green gram chunks 10% andsoya chunks 15% Moisture content of gram flour chunk is 10%. Therefore, this is the reason of the variation in moisture present in the chunks. Water absorption capacity of domestic chunk is 8gm in total 100 gram chunks.Protein content of gram flour chunk is 5. 13% and that of soya chunk is 5.3%.Chunks are dried product of green gram, gram flour and soya bean which can prepared by soaking, drying and mixing of pulses and spices. This chunk is good option for protein source and can be alternate for food processing industry.

Key words: soya bean , chunks , water absorption capacity, moisture level, Protein test

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